Building

Introduction:
A culvert is a structure designed to allow the passage of water, such as a stream or drainage, under a road, railway, or similar obstruction. It is an essential component of the transportation infrastructure, preventing flooding, maintaining water flow, and ensuring the integrity of the road or railway above. Culverts are typically constructed using durable concrete, steel, or plastic materials. They come in various shapes and sizes, depending on the specific requirements of the site and the volume of water that needs to be conveyed. Common culvert shapes include round, box, elliptical, and pipe arch.

The design and installation of culverts consider factors such as the anticipated water flow, the terrain, and the environmental considerations of the surrounding area. Proper design ensures that the trench can withstand the hydraulic forces exerted by the flowing water while maintaining structural integrity.

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Introduction
Multi-storeyed Building
A multi storeyed Reinforced Cement Concrete Building is a combination of Concrete, reinforcement, Timber and lots of building material to form the various parts of the building like, Column, Beam, Slabs, Doors and Windows. All the components of the building are Rigid and forms a monolithic structure. It forms a continuous system which reduces the moment, transmits the load more evenly and forms a redundant structure. The load through the continuous system of beams and columns move to the foundation and later to the soil supporting to the structure.
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Introduction
Brick is one rectangular building unit that constitutes the whole structure. It is mainly made of clay at high temperature and is mostly red in color. Other constituents of bricks are sand, cement, lime and fly ash. There are many patterns involved in laying bricks some of which are going to be discussed here. Nowadays, concrete hollow bricks are replacing the conventional bricks as more advancement in technology is going on. The standard size of brick used in buildings without mortar is 219 x 9 x 9 cm and with mortar the size is 20 x 10 x 10 cm. Bricks contribute in distribution of loads and maintain stability of the structure. Thus, bricks are such units that are irreplaceable in construction industry till today.

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What is Underpinning?
Underpinning is a method used to repair and strengthen the foundation of a building. During underpinning, reinforcements are positioned throughout the length or breadth of an already established base. Because of this, its weight is distributed across a larger area and rests on solid earth layers. Micro-piling and jet grouting are common underlying methods, despite being time-consuming and costly.

Underpinning is excavating the soil that’s pulling away from the structure and eliminating the foundation holding it up. There will be movement in the building when the current foundations become weakened. The property’s foundations and structure are strengthened by installing new, more robust materials and digging deeper footings on top of the more stable growth.
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What is Pointing?

Pointing is the process of applying a final coat of cement or lime mortar to the mortar joints of exposed brick masonry or stone masonry to seal them from the elements and improve their aesthetic appeal. It is important to remember that the mortar joints in a building are the only vulnerable areas, even if the building itself is composed of better materials. Since pointing is cost-effective, it may be implemented even in arid regions.

Importance of Pointing:

• It’s useful for stopping water from seeping into the cracks between bricks and causing mortar joints to rot.
• It’s used to finish the joints between bricks or stones in masonry, giving them a strong and dependable bond.
• If pointing is done correctly and tastefully, it will lessen the need for routine maintenance.
• It can be used in several settings, including in dry regions.

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What is Bond?
A bond is formed when cement mortar fills a groove formed by adjacent bricks being laid side by side. Bonding helps distribute loads evenly over a large area. These bonds are like patterns in which bricks are laid, which can be used for brick walls and paving. They can also be used for concrete blocks and masonry construction.
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What are Stones?
Stones are made up of two or more minerals that make up rocks, which make up the earth’s crust and have no specific shape or chemical composition. In regions where it is naturally accessible, stones are one of the most significant building materials in stone masonry civil engineering. The stones used in building construction should be strong, robust, and tough, with no weathered soft spots of material, fractures, or other faults that would reduce their strength and longevity. Quarrying from large solid rocks is used to obtain stones for construction.

Uses of Stones:
Stones are used in various applications in construction, such as:

• Masonry, comprising pillars, swags, entrances, and decorative embellishments.
• Tiles and cladding for the floor and walls.
• Surrounds for fires, stairwells, and other decorative components
• Aggregate.
• Ballast.
• Concrete, mortar, cement, asphalt, and some bricks contain it.
• Paving.
• Roofing materials.
• Work surfaces and tabletops in the kitchen.
• Countertops, shower trays, and basins for the bathroom.

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Bricks are rectangular units of uniform dimensions. Clay is used to making bricks. In construction, there are different types of brick. When stone is not accessible, bricks are commonly utilized as a substitute. Brick is a common building material made of clay and comes in rectangular shapes. Because of their inexpensive cost and long lifespan, they have remained popular since ancient times.

Advantages of Bricks Used in Construction:

• Brick is fire-resistant and can sustain high temperatures.
• Brick is a long-lasting and sturdy material.
• .Individual brick problems can be solved without tearing down and rebuilding the entire structure.
• For environmental protection, brick does not require the use of paints
• Clay that is readily available aids in the production of bricks in the local area, reducing shipping expenses. It could suggest that brick construction is less expensive than stone, concrete, or steel construction.

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What is Lintel?
Doors and windows are not only necessary parts of a building’s structure, but they also serve as vulnerable spots in the exterior shell. Creating an entrance in a building necessitates sound engineering since it is necessary to preserve structural and thermal stability—a lintel used in this situation.

A lintel is a beam that spans entrances in buildings such as doors, windows, and other openings to sustain the load from the structure above. The lintel beam’s width equals the wall’s width, and its end is built into the wall—lintels classified according to the material used in their construction.

Lintels are typically rectangular, support a wall over a door or window, and anchor the door and window frames wherever utilized. Lintels built of wood, stone, brick, reinforced brickwork, reinforced concrete, or rolling steel pieces embedded in cement concrete. Lintels are typically employed for load-bearing purposes, although they can also use as decorative elements.

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What is Arch?
An arch is a curved architectural shape that takes loads around an entrance and transfers them to abutments, jambs, or piers on either side of the arch’s profile. Since the Etruscans, arches have been a popular architectural feature, credited with inventing them, though the Romans refined and popularized them. Many other structural forms, such as vaults, arcades, and bridges, have evolved from the techniques used to design and construct arches.

There are no tensile stresses in arches because they are compressive constructions. They are self-supporting and are held in compression by the force of gravity acting on their weight. It makes them extremely stable and efficient, allowing them to span greater distances and carry heavier weights than horizontal beams.

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