Posts by Kanwarjot Singh

Here is the list of the Indian Standard codes required by an engineers for standardization in the field of Stone Work:-

IS 1121(Part 1):1974 Methods of test for determination of strength properties of natural building stones: Part I Compressive strength

IS 1121(Part 2):1974 Methods of test for determination of strength properties of natural building stones: Part II Transverse strength

IS 1121(Part 3):1974 Methods of test for determination of strength properties of natural building stones: Part III Tensile strength

IS 1121(Part 4):1974 Methods of test for determination of strength properties of natural building stones: Part IV Shear strength

IS 1122:1974 Method of test for determination of true specific gravity of natural building stones
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Here is the list of the Indian Standard codes required by an engineers if they are looking for Flooring, Wall Finishing And Roofing. These IS Codes Cover the field of flooring made of materials such as concrete, concrete tiles, magnesium oxychloride, linoleum, rubber, bitumen mastic and plastics; acid and alkali resisting flooring including acid resisting plasters, wall finishing, bitumen impregnated roofing sheets, plastics based roofing sheets etc. But these exclude metal and asbestos cement sheets.

IS 653:1992 Specification for linoleum sheets and tiles

IS 657:1982 Specification for materials for use in the manufacture of magnesium oxychloride flooring compositions

IS 658:1982 Code of practice for magnesium oxychloride composition floors

IS 809:1992 Specification for rubber flooring materials for general purposes

IS 1195:2002 Bitumen-mastic for flooring – Specification

IS 1196:1978 Code of practice for laying bitumen mastic flooring

IS 1197:1970 Code of practice for laying of rubber floors

IS 1198:1982 Code of practice for laying, fixing and maintenance of linoleum floors
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Here are the IS codes which an engineer might require if he or she is dealing with Building Lime And Gypsum Product. These codes cover manufacturing, supply, use and storage of building lime and lime products in construction works. These codes also include gypsum building material, gypsum plaster board, non-load bearing gypsum plaster block. Terms and definition related to lime and gypsum along with the scope of gypsum plaster and testing methods of gypsum plaster concrete and products is also covered by these codes. Guidelines related to gypsum tiles and reinforced blocks also mentioned in these codes.

IS 712:1984 Specification for building limes

IS 1624:1986 Method of field testing of building lime

IS 1635:1992 Code of practice for field slaking of building lime and preparation of putty

IS 1849(Part 1/Sec 1):1990 Guide for design and installation of vertical mixed feed lime kiln: Part 1 Limestone Section 1 Masonry type shaft

IS 1849(Part 1/Sec 2):1991 Guide for design and installation of vertical mixed feed type lime kiln: Part 1 For limestone Section 2 RCC type shaft
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Here are the IS codes which cater to the need of civil engineering relating to Sanitary Appliances And Water Fittings. Scope of these codes:- glazed earthenware sanitary appliances, water closets, enamelled cast iron railway coaching stock, wooden, plastic etc, bath tubs, vitreous sanitary appliances, non-ferrous waste fittings for wash basins and sinks, traps waste plug and accessories,for wash basins, flushing cisterns, manhole covers for use in drainage works (except concrete), pillar taps, ball valves, copper and plastic floats for ball valves, caulking lead, ferrules, plug cocks, foot valves, surface boxes, stoneware pipes, water meters, water meter box, sluice valves, glazed earthenware tiles

IS 651:2007 Glazed stoneware pipe and fittings – Specification

IS 771(Part 1):1979 Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances: Part 1 General requirements

IS 771(Part 2):1985 Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances: Part 2 Specific requirements of kitchen and laboratory sinks

IS 771(Part 3/Sec 1):1979 Specification for glazed fire clay sanitary appliances : Part 3 Specific requirements of urinals, Section 1 Slab urinals

IS 771(Part 3/Sec 2):1985 Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances: Part 3 Specific requirements of urinals: Section 2 Stall urinals

IS 771(Part 4):1979 Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances: Part 4 Specific requirements of postmortem slabs

IS 771(Part 5):1979 Specification for glazed fire clay sanitary appliances: Part 5 Specific requirements of shower trays

IS 771(Part 6):1979 Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances: Part 6 Specific requirements of bedpan sinks

IS 771(Part 7):1981 Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances: Part 7 Specific requirements of slop sinks

IS 772:1973 Specification for general requirements for enamelled cast iron sanitary appliances
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Here are the IS codes which cater to the need of civil engineering relating to Cement and Concrete. These IS codes include the Standardization in the field of all types of cement, pozzolana, testing sand, concrete, aggregates, instruments for cement and concrete testing, cement plant machinery and ferrocement concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete, test methods for concrete, concrete production and execution of concrete structures, performance requirements for structural concrete, non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures and cement and lime.

IS 269:1989 – Specification for ordinary Portland cement, 33 grade

IS 383:1970 – Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete

IS 455:1989 Specification for Portland slag cement

IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

IS 457:1957 Code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures

IS 516:1959 Method of test for strength of concrete

IS 650:1991 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement

IS 1199:1959 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete

IS 1343:1980 Code of practice for prestressed concrete

IS 1344:1981 Specification for calcined clay pozzolana
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After rainfall, groundwater pressure is built up and this elevates the ground water table. The water inside the pores of soil reduces the effective stress of soils. Since shear strength of soils is represented by the following relations:

Shear strength = cohesion + effective stress x tan0 where 0 is the friction angle of soils

Hence, the presence of water causes a reduction of shear strength of soils and this may lead to landslide. On the other hand, the rainfall creates immediate instability by causing erosion of slop surface and results in shallow slope failure by infiltration. In addition, the rain may penetrate slope surface openings and forms flow paths. As a result, this may weaken the ground.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.

Slope cutting causes stress relief in slopes which may cause slope movement. For instance, for weathered rocks the horizontal stresses would be relatively low when compared with normally consolidated soils.

Consequently, a major cut on the slope formed by weather rock may result in the development of tensile stresses in the slope, leading to slope movement.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.

Filled slopes constructed in many decades ago are mostly sub-standard. The relative density of filled slopes may be below 85% and is readily subjected to liquefaction. To rectify the situation, the sloped are reconstructed by excavation of 3m measured vertically from slope surface. Then, compaction should be carried out in thin layers to achieve in-situ density of not less than 95% of maximum dry density. After compaction, the compacted layer would not vulnerable to liquefaction failure. Moreover, it is less permeable than loose fill upon compaction and prevents water entry into underlying soils inside the slope.

For the case of Hong Kong, most fill slopes constructed before 1977 were formed by end-tipping so that they are in a loose state and poses hazard to developments nearby.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.

When cohesive strength is zero (i.e. slopes of granular types), the slip surface is of shallow failure type and is parallel to the slope surface.

When friction angle is zero (i.e. slopes of clayey types), the slip surface is if deep seated failure. The factor of safety of slopes is nearly independent of the angle of slopes because the weight of deep seated failure regime is much greater than the slope.

Normally, non-circular failure surface is always more critical than circular one for two dimensional analysis.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.

Other than static liquefaction, slow-moving slips driven by transient pore water pressure leading to high speed landslide are the other possible cause of failure of loose fill slopes.

For loose fill lying on low permeability soil layers, there is potential storage of infiltrating water when the slope of underlying low-permeability soil layer is mild. As such, there is a localized zone of high transient pore water pressure induced within the fill material. Flowslides normally start with a local slip caused by transient pore water pressure by soil layering or flow restriction. Then, the nature of slow-moving soil debris and the geometry of slip result in a fast landslide.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.