Posts by Kanwarjot Singh

INTRODUCTION
Seismic method of analysis is done in order to ascertain the various responses of buildings during earthquake and also to adopt the retrofitting of structures. It is an important tool for earthquake prone areas like Japan, North-East of India, Nepal, Philippines, and many more. This method of analysis is also important for design of elements of RCC buildings like beam, column, slab which are designed in accordance to IS 13920:2016. The seismic forces are dynamic in nature and these forces are tested for load carrying capacity, ductility, dampness, stiffness and mass. IS 1893:2016 is used to carry out seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building.
Read More

INTRODUCTION
The available mix design methods are mostly dependent on charts, graphs and empirical relations from repetitive experiments following the same principle with a little bit of variations in different mix methods. Some of the commonly known design methods are-
1. Trial and Adjustment method of mix design
2. British DoE mix design method
3. ACI mix design method
4. Concrete mix proportioning-IS Guidelines
5. Rapid method for mix design
Read More

INTRODUCTION
For earthwork in excavation, foundation which are symmetrical, brickwork in superstructure and plinth and concrete in foundation, two methods are there for estimation. These are-

1. Separate or Individual wall method and
2. Centre Line Method.

With these methods the lengths and widths of various items are mainly found out which helps in calculations.
Read More

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To determine the Flakiness Index of the given sample of course aggregate.

CODE OF REFERENCE:
• IS 2386(Part 1):1963 Methods of Test for Aggregates of Concrete- Particle Size and Shape. Reaffirmed Dec 2016
• ASTM 4791-10: Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles or Flat Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregates, American Society for Testing and Materials.
Read More

The following laboratory tests are commonly used for determination of the strength of rocks:
1. Unconfined compression test
2. Triaxial compression test
3. Splitting tension test
4. Beam bending test
5. Ring shear test

All these tests are briefly described as below:
Read More

Here, we will be calculating the quantities of materials i.e., cement and sand, required for plastering. We will take 100 sq. metre area of wall and calculate accordingly. Moreover, some extra percentages are taken on volume for other construction works during the process.

Assuming thickness of plastering,
Inside = 12 mm
Outside = 20 mm
Ceiling = 6 mm
Read More

Size of brick with Mortar = 20 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm

No. of bricks required per 1 m³ brickwork = 1 / (0.2 × 0.1 × 0.1) = 500 nos.

No. of bricks for 10 m³ brickwork = 500 × 10 = 5000 nos.
Size of brick without Mortar = 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm
Actual volume of 5000 bricks = 5000 × (0.19 × 0.09 × 0.09) = 5000 × 0.001539 = 7.695 m³
approx 7.7 m³

Read More

Keywords: Levelling, precautions, errors in leveling

Since you have acquired a good understanding about leveling, let’s now move on to the last topic in this section.

Levelling has to be done with utmost care to obtain accurate and precise readings. Any error in the readings could possibly harm all the calculation and subsequent surveying processes.

Read More

Keywords: Levelling, difficulties in levelling, errors in levelling

The last two topics in leveling are the difficulties and precautions to be taken for an error-free levelling process. Let’s jump into the first section, difficulties in levelling.

Some of the difficulties that are commonly encountered in levelling are:

When the staff station is more than 3metres above the line of sight
Solution: Measure the distance (d) from line of sight to the staff placed at the station accurately with a tape.
Read More

Keywords: Levelling examples, levelling, rise and fall method, missing entries problem

Since we have already studied about levelling, now let’s move on to a specific problem in this section. The problem of missing entries in the field book is an application level problem, often asked in question papers. An example on this type of problem is illustrated as follows:

Problem: The following level readings have been taken from a page of a level book. Some of the readings are missing. It is required to fill all the entries in the page. Fill up the missing readings and apply the arithmetic checks.
Read More