The lateral pressure in cohesion less soils is given by following formula:-

Following terms are used in the formula given below

Y=unit weight of soil, lb/ft³ or kg/m³
P=total thrust of soil, lb/linear ft (kg/m) of wall
H= total height of wall, ft (m)
K_A= coefficient of active pressure

We know that The Rankine theory of lateral earth pressures is the most widely used theory to find the lateral pressure which is acting on retaining walls. But this theory has some assumptions which we need to know before hand.

Assumptions in the Rankine Theory of Lateral Earth Pressures
1) The pressure on the back of a vertical wall is the same as the pressure that would exist on a vertical plane in an infinite soil mass.
2) Their is no Friction between the wall and the soil.

What is the Lateral Pressure of Cohesive Soils?

P=1/2YH²K_A-2cH(K_A)_1/2
where
Y=unit weight of soil, lb/ft³ or kg/m³
P=total thrust of soil, lb / linear ft (kg/m) of wall
H= total height of wall, ft (m)
K_A= coefficient of active pressure
c= cohesion, lb/ft²or kPa

The E indicates an exponent, as in scientific notation, followed by a positive or negative number, representing the power of 10 by which the given conversion factor is to be multiplied before use.

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Following table shows how can we convert various most commonly used units from one unit system to another.

Measurement units and standards are different in different countries but to maintain a standard, SI units are mostly used when dealing with projects involving different countries or even different states. Small projects can be done with the locally used unit system but when the project is big, one standard unit system is to be used.

Two most common system used in the United States are

United States Customary System (USCS)
System International (SI)

But the SI unit system is more widely used all over the world. Following is the table which shows how you can convert USCS measurements in SI measurements. ( Just multiply the USCS amount with the corresponding figure given in table below

Convert USCS into SI Units

The following list contains the universities which offer civil engineering in USA
If you feel like adding more or there is any correction then mail me at

[email protected]

Auburn University
Boise State University
Bradley University
Brigham Young University
Brown University
California Institute of Technology
California Polytechnic State University – San Luis Obispo
California State Polytechnic University – Pomona
California State University – Chico
California State University – Fresno
California State University – Fullerton
California State University – Long Beach
California State University – Los Angeles
California State University – Sacramento
Calvin College
Carnegie Mellon University
Carroll College
Case Western Reserve University
Catholic University of America, The
Christian Brothers University
City College of New York, The
Clarkson University
Clemson University
Cleveland State University
College of New Jersey, The
Colorado School of Mines
Colorado State University
Columbia University
Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science & Art
Cornell University
Dakota State University
Dordt College
Drexel University
Duke University
Florida Atlantic University
Florida Institute of Technology
Florida International University
Florida State University
George Mason University
George Washington University, The
Georgia Institute of Technology
Howard University
Idaho State University
Illinois Institute of Technology
Indiana Institute of Technology
Iowa State University
Johns Hopkins University
Kansas State University
Kettering University
Lafayette College
Lamar University
Lawrence Technological University
Lehigh University
Louisiana State University
Louisiana Tech University
Loyola Marymount University
Manhattan College
Marquette University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
McNeese State University
Michigan State University
Michigan Technological University
Minnesota State University – Mankato
Mississippi State University
Montana State University – Bozeman
Morgan State University
New Jersey Institute of Technology
New Mexico State University
New Mexico Tech
Norwich University’s School of Graduate Studies
North Carolina A&T State University
North Carolina State University
North Dakota State University
Northeastern University
Northern Arizona University
Northwestern University
Ohio Northern University
Ohio State University, The
Ohio University
Oklahoma State University – Stillwater
Old Dominion University
Oregon Institute of Technology
Oregon State University
Pennsylvania State University
Polytechnic University
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
Portland State University
Prairie View A&M University
Princeton University
Purdue University
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rice University
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Rowan University
Rutgers University
San Diego State University
San Fransisco State University
San Jose State University
Santa Clara University
Seattle University
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
Southern Illinois University – Carbondale
Southern Illinois University – Edwardsville
Southern Methodist University
Southern Polytechnic State University
Southern University – Baton Rouge
Stanford University
Stevens Institute of Technology
Syracuse University
Temple University
Tennessee State University
Tennessee Technological University
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University-Kingsville
Texas Tech University – Lubbock
Tufts University
Tulane University
United States Coast Guard Academy
University at Buffalo
University of Akron, The
University of Alabama – Birmingham
University of Alabama – Huntsville
University of Alabama – Tuscaloosa
University of Alaska Anchorage
University of Alaska Fairbanks
University of Arizona
University of Arkansas – Fayetteville
University of California – Berkeley
University of California – Davis
University of California – Irvine
University of California – Los Angeles
University of Central Florida
University of Cincinnati
University of Colorado – Boulder
University of Connecticut
University of Dayton
University of Delaware
University of Detroit Mercy
University of Florida
University of Hartford
University of Hawaii – Manoa
University of Houston
University of Idaho
University of Illinois – Chicago
University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign
University of Iowa
University of Kansas
University of Kentucky
University of Louisiana – Lafayette
University of Louisville
University of Maine
University of Maryland
University of Massachusetts – Amherst
University of Massachusetts – Dartmouth
University of Massachusetts – Lowell
University of Memphis
University of Miami
University of Michigan – Ann Arbor
University of Minnesota – Twincities
University of Mississippi
University of Missouri – Columbia
University of Missouri – Kansas City
University of Missouri – Rolla
University of Nebraska – Lincoln
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Reno
University of New Hampshire
University of New Haven
University of New Mexico
University of New Orleans
University of North Carolina – Charlotte
University of North Dakota
University of North Florida
University of Notre Dame
University of Oklahoma
University of Pittsburgh
University of Portland
University of Puerto Rico in Mayaguez
University of Rhode Island
University of South Alabama
University of South Carolina-Columbia
University of South Florida
University of Southern California
University of Tennessee-Chattanooga
University of Tennessee-Knoxville
University of Texas – Arlington
University of Texas – Austin
University of Texas – El Paso
University of Texas – San Antonio
University of the Pacific
University of Toledo
University of Utah
University of Vermont
University of Virginia
University of Washington
University of Wisconsin – Madison
University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin – Platteville
University of Wyoming
US Military Academy
Utah State University
Valparaiso University
Vanderbilt University
Villanova University
Virginia Tech
Walla Walla College
Washington State University
Washington University in St. Louis
Wayne State University
West Virginia University
Western Michigan University
Widener University
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Youngstown State University

“The road to success is always under construction”
Get it right….CIVIL ENGINEERS
*****************

A common mistake that people make when trying to design something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools.
– Douglas Adams
*****************

Aeroplanes are not designed by science, but by art in spite of some pretence and humbug to the contrary. I do not mean to suggest that engineering can do without science, on the contrary, it stands on scientific foundations, but there is a big gap between scientific research and the engineering product which has to be bridged by the art of the engineer.
– British Engineer to the Royal Aeronautical Society, 1922.

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A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who makes a design that works with as few original ideas as possible
– Freeman Dyson
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A great bridge is a great monument which should serve to make known the splendour and genius of a nation; one should not occupy oneself with efforts to perfect it architecturally, for taste is always susceptible to change, but to conserve always in its form and decoration the character of solidity which is proper.
– Jean Peronnet
*****************

An engineer is someone who is good with figures, but doesn’t have the personality of an accountant.
– An Arts graduate’s view of engineers
*****************

Architects and engineers are among the most fortunate of men since they build their own monuments with public consent, public approval and often public money.
– John Prebble

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A theory may be so rich in descriptive possibilities that it can be made to fit any data.
– Phillip Johnson-Laird

*****************

Engineering is the art of modelling materials we do not wholly understand, into shapes we cannot precisely analyse so as to withstand forces we cannot properly assess, in such a way that the public has no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance.
– Dr AR Dykes

*****************

Engineering problems are under-defined, there are many solutions, good, bad and indifferent. The art is to arrive at a good solution. This is a creative activity, involving imagination, intuition and deliberate choice.
– Ove Arup

*****************

Engineering refers to the practice of organizing the design and construction [and, I would add operation] of any artifice which transforms the physical world around us to meet some recognized need.
– GFC Rogers
*****************

Engineers … are not mere technicians and should not approve or lend their name to any project that does not promise to be beneficent to man and the advancement of civilization
– John Fowler
*****************

Engineers … are not superhuman. They make mistakes in their assumptions, in their calculations, in their conclusions. That they make mistakes is forgivable; that they catch them is imperative. Thus it is the essence of modern engineering not only to be able to check one’s own work but also to have one’s work checked and to be able to check the work of others.
– Henry Petroski
*****************

Experience serves not only to confirm theory, but differs from it without disturbing it, it leads to new truths which theory only has not been able to reach.
– Dalembert
*****************

From the laying out of a line of a tunnel to its final completion, the work may be either a series of experiments made at the expense of the proprietors of the project, or a series of judicious applications of the results of previous experience.
– HS Drinker

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Go for civil engineering, because civil engineering is the branch of engineering which teaches you the most about managing people. Managing people is a skill which is very, very useful and applies almost regardless of what you do.
– Sir John Harvey Jones
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He … insists that no mathematical formula, however exact it may appear to be, can be of greater accuracy than the assumptions on which it is based, and he draws the conclusion that experience still remains the great teacher and final judge.
– James Kip Finch
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He was living like an engineer in a mechanical world. No wonder he had become dry as a stone.
– Simone de Beauvoir
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His father loved him dearly, but his work, that of a civil engineer, had left him with but little time for his family. Energetic, active, and always taken up with some responsible work, he did not spoil his children with excessive tenderness.
– Mme Estafavia
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I am an old man now, and when I die and go to Heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightement. One is quantum electrodynamics and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am rather more optimistic.
– Sir Horace Lamb
*****************

Improvement makes strait roads: but the crooked roads without Improvement are roads of Genius.
– William Blake

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In practical work he can be ingenious with regard to modifying apparatus; he uses engineering rather than imagination.
– Head Teacher’s reference for a student applying to University
*****************

It takes an engineer to undertake the training of an engineer and not, as often happens, a theoretical engineer who is clever on a blackboard with mathematical formulae but useless as far as production is concerned.
– The Rev EB Evans
*****************

Let him not be grasping nor have his mind preoccupied with … receiving perquisites, but let him with dignity keep up his position by establishing a good reputation. No work can be rightly done without honesty and incorruptibility.
– Vitruvius
*****************

Men build bridges and throw railroads across deserts, and yet they contend successfully that the job of sewing on a button is beyond them. Accordingly, they don’t have to sew buttons.
– Heywood Broun

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No greater care is required upon any works than upon such as are to withstand the action of water; for this reason, all parts of the work need to be done exactly according to the rules of the art which all workmen know, but few observe.
– Sextus Julius Frontinus
*****************

Nor aught availed him now
To have built in heaven high towers; nor did he scape
By all his engines, but was headlong sent
With his industrious crew to build in hell.
– John Milton
*****************

Nothing can be of great worth or holy which is the work of builders and mechanics.
– Zeno, Stoic Philosopher
*****************

Nothing is so inspiring as seeing big works well laid out and planned and a real engineering organisation.
– Frederick Handley Page
*****************

One has to watch out for engineers – they begin with the sewing machine and end up with the atomic bomb.
– Marcel Pagnol
*****************

Phases of a Project:
1 — Exultation
2 — Disenchantment
3 — Search for the Guilty
4 — Punishment of the Innocent
5 — Praise for the Uninvolved
– Anon
*****************

The joy of engineering is to find a straight line on a double logarithmic diagram.
– Thomas Koenig

*****************

The major difference between a thing that might go wrong and a thing that cannot possibly go wrong is that when a thing that cannot possibly go wrong goes wrong, it usually turns out to be impossible to get at and repair.
– Douglas Adams

*****************

There can be little doubt that in many ways the story of bridge building is the story of civilisation. By it we can readily measure an important part of a people’s progress.
– Franklin D Roosevelt
*****************

Therefore O students study mathematics and do not build without foundations.
– Leonardo Da Vinci
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…as for earthquakes, though they were still formidable, they were so interesting that men of science could hardly regret them.
– Bertrand Russell
*****************

This is not the age of pamphleteers. It is the age of engineers. The spark-gap is mightier than the pen. Democracy will not be salvaged by men who talk fluently, debate forcefully and quote aptly.
– Lancelot Hogben
*****************

We shape our buildings, thereafter they shape us.
– Winston Churchill

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When engineers and quantity surveyors discuss aesthetics and architects study what cranes do we are on the right road.
– Ove Arup

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You have been found guilty of indulging in unnatural practices under one of London’s most beautiful bridges.
– Judge reprimanding prisoner before sentence
Urban myth at the Bar

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The soil properties and parameters can be broadly classified as
1)Physical
2)Engineering
3)Index

Physical soil properties include specific gravity, density, particle size and distribution and water content.
The water content represented by w of a soil sample is defined as the weight of free water in the sample expressed as a percentage of its dry weight.

The degree of saturation S is defined as the ratio of the volume of free water to its total volume of voids V_v

n=V_v/V
where n is the Porosity defined as the ratio of void volume to the total volume V of soil.
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The electrical power obtained from conversion of potential and kinetic energy of water is called Hydroelectric power

PE=WZ

where
PE= potential energy

W =total weight of the water

Z =vertical distance water can fall

Power is the rate at which energy is produced or utilized:
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Flow through a venturimeter is given by

where
Q= flow rate, ft3/s (m3/s)

c =empirical discharge coefficient dependent on throat velocity and diameter

d₁= diameter of main section, ft (m)

d₂= diameter of throat, ft (m)

h₁= pressure in main section, ft (m) of water

h₂= pressure in throat section, ft (m) of water