Civil Engineering Information

INTRODUCTION
Retaining walls are structures which are designed and constructed to resist lateral pressure of soil. When there appears a change in ground elevation that exceeds angle of repose of soil then these walls prove effective. These types of walls are used in construction of buildings having basements, bridges, roads, etc. when it is necessary to retain embankments or earth in a relatively vertical position. These are supported by rock or soil underlying the base slab or supported on piles. When these walls retain earth or any such material in earthen embankments for railways, roads, wing walls of bridges and many more, then such earth or any such material is referred to as backfill. In order to design such walls is mandatory to determine the pressure exerted by and acting on plane faces of soil. Retaining walls can be designed by Working Stress Method or Limit State Method. In both methods Rankine’s theory of earth pressure is used which consists of both passive earth pressure and active earth pressure. By finding stresses we can estimate and design these walls.
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What is White Washing?
Whitewash is a mixture of lime, salt, and water used for various functions, including preventing sunburn, reducing insect damage, and reflecting heat on a building. Whitewash is a common decorative technique nowadays. It gives the furniture, bricks, walls, and other elements an aged and old look.

Because of its antibacterial characteristics, whitewashing was once utilized on barns and fences. It is becoming increasingly popular these days because of its weather appeal and vintage style. Whitewashed brick walls offer a fresh and sophisticated appearance, while whitewashed furniture has a rustic appeal.
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Introduction
Multi-storeyed Building
A multi storeyed Reinforced Cement Concrete Building is a combination of Concrete, reinforcement, Timber and lots of building material to form the various parts of the building like, Column, Beam, Slabs, Doors and Windows. All the components of the building are Rigid and forms a monolithic structure. It forms a continuous system which reduces the moment, transmits the load more evenly and forms a redundant structure. The load through the continuous system of beams and columns move to the foundation and later to the soil supporting to the structure.
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Introduction
Nowadays, all the energy resources are depleting due to our constant dependency on natural resources. At this stage, an urgency has emerged to harness the energy that can operate almost anything in the world. Likewise, in the civil engineering world, new inventions are emerging to make a greener world.

In the transportation sector, kinetic roads can help tackle pollution and our extensive dependency on natural resources. Solar radiation and kinetic energy from passing automobiles are two forms of energy sources frequently applied to road surfaces. As a result, they offer a lot of potential as long-term energy sources. Roadway pavement occupies a large portion of urban and rural areas, covering millions of square kilometers and constantly being exposed to various energy sources such as sun radiation, vibration, and traffic-induced pressures.

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Introduction
These days, glass is the most popular material for modern railing. We can see why it’s a popular alternative to hardwood handrails and spindles.

The glass railing creates a striking visual impact, enhances openness, expands areas, and allows light to flow freely. When built and installed properly, it adds luxury and value to a home while also being incredibly secure and practical.

Tempered glass is commonly used in glass railings. Tempering strengthens the structure and protects it from cracking and damage. Glass railings are popular among modern home builders because of their adaptability, exquisite design potential, and cheap upkeep.
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What is Top-Down Construction?
In top-down construction, permanent structures are built from the ground up, beginning with a deep basement excavation. This method is the inverse of the more common bottom-up approach. This method involves constructing the basement levels in layers as the excavation continues. The concrete floors in basements act as lateral bracing for the surrounding walls. Slabs for the ground floor and basement are poured into the excavation holes. Since all subsequent below-grade levels have been completed, the floors can now act as lateral bracing for the perimeter walls.

Diaphragm walls, or “D” walls as they are more commonly known, are a type of perimeter wall that provides a foolproof answer to any problem that may arise during underground building. D walls are ideal for controlling groundwater movement and maintaining stable earth retention.

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Introduction
Curing is the process of providing moisture to the concrete mix so that better interlocking is established. If curing is not done properly then it will cause insufficient hydration and as a result there will be capillary pores, causing cracks and shrinkage. Moreover, strength and durability will also get affected and the concrete will disintegrate and break. It also ensures to maintain a sufficient temperature of concrete at its early age. It must be implemented as soon as placement & finishing is done. Also, it must continue for a specific period for the concrete to achieve its desired strength and durability. Uniform temperature is necessary to avoid thermal shrinkage cracks, plastic shrinkage and problems like bleeding and segregation.

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Introduction
Brick is one rectangular building unit that constitutes the whole structure. It is mainly made of clay at high temperature and is mostly red in color. Other constituents of bricks are sand, cement, lime and fly ash. There are many patterns involved in laying bricks some of which are going to be discussed here. Nowadays, concrete hollow bricks are replacing the conventional bricks as more advancement in technology is going on. The standard size of brick used in buildings without mortar is 219 x 9 x 9 cm and with mortar the size is 20 x 10 x 10 cm. Bricks contribute in distribution of loads and maintain stability of the structure. Thus, bricks are such units that are irreplaceable in construction industry till today.

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Introduction
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) or Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) is a particular type of concrete reinforced with specially selected short random fibers. The strain capacity of such composite is in the range of 3–7%, compared to 0.01% for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Bendable concrete acts like ductile metal when compared to the brittle nature of OPC cement. As a result of adverse effects on fiber dispersion and overall performance, the coarse aggregates are not used in ECC. Different type of fibers is implemented to impart the tensile strength in ECC. Some fibers include Poly Vinyl Alcohol, Polypropylene fiber, and also natural fibers. ECC shows ductility property in the hardened state, and flexible property in the new state makes ECC applicable to a wide range of construction applications. This report presents a review of ECC durability studies in the literature, with detailed discussions on ECC high-temperature resistance, permeability resistance, and shrinkage resistance. The use of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) has gained wide attention considering their properties, such as high tensile strength and elasticity values. However, the required methods for direct measurement of tensile strength are not developed adequately.

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What is Concrete Grinder ?
A concrete grinder is used to smooth out work surfaces or floors. Concrete grinders are used to grind and polish marble, granite, concrete, and other types of floors. Concrete grinders are occasionally custom-made to perform specific tasks. Concrete grinders are designed to withstand more stress and power than marble grinders.

Concrete grinders have recently become a popular choice for industries due to their versatility. Concrete grinders remove adhesives and grease-like compounds from the floors of commercial sectors and industries, in addition to finishing activities. Concrete grinders are widely used in developed countries because of their ease of use and versatility.

Grinders are using rotary action rather than impact to remove material. The material removal depth is limited to about 1/8 inch. When working on hard, dense concrete, they may polish rather than rub the surface.

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