Piles Engineering

Grouting can be implemented in two common modes, namely compaction grouting and fracture grouting. For compaction grouting, high viscosity grout is commonly used for injection into soils. Upon reaching the soils, the grout would not penetrate into soil spaces. Instead it forms a spherical bulb and remains as a homogeneous mass. The formation of bulb displaces the nearby soils.
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The critical depth of piles are normally assumed as 10-20 pile diameter deep and is the depth beyond which the resistance is constant and is equal to respective value at critical depth.
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The type of connection between piles and pile caps affects the load carrying capacity of pile groups. The fixity of pile head into pile cap, instead of pinning into pile cap, enhances higher lateral stiffness of the pile groups. For instance, for the same deflections, a cap with fixed connected piles can sustain far more loads than that of pinned connected piles. To satisfy the criterion of fixed connection, the minimum embedded length of piles into pile caps should be at least two times the diameter of piles.
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(i) Use slender pile sections (e.g. H-pile or precast pile) because smaller pile area when subject to the same working load would produce higher deformation, thus increasing the relative downward movement of piles.

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The advantages of top-down approach are listed below:

(i) The structures above ground can be carried out simultaneously with the structures below ground. This greatly reduces the time for construction.
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