Research Papers

By
Mr.Abhinandan R.Gupta
Asst.Prof, Dept. Of Civil Engg.
COET,Akola

ABSTRACT:
With the urge for sustainable, durable and economical construction various methods for designing, developing and constructing structures right from Class I structures like Important service and community structures – Power plants, Reservoirs, Health care centers, Airports to ordinary structures have been developed rapidly in the last few decades.

Along with these construction techniques the reliability of present or proposed structure is determined with various analysis and designing methods for parameters under consideration. One such reliable and effective method is Finite element Method. FEM even if complex and hard for manual analysis but is one of the most efficient method for software programming.FEM method works effectively even for complex structure with efficient results or outcomes.
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By
Mr.Abhinandan R.Gupta
Asst.Prof, Dept. Of Civil Engg.
COET,Akola

ABSTRACT
‘Water water everywhere and no water to drink’

For any living being water air, food, shelter etc. are the primary needs, for which water has the greatest importance. Pindar said “Best of all things is water”. In ancient times every individual or family was responsible to arrange for their water supplies. There were no collective efforts but with time urbanisation came into picture and thus the collective efforts for provision of water started. But this urbanisation caused a serious problem of resource exhaustion like water. Thus it is of prime importance to manage water resources in best way so that future generation could survive. Two immediate responses to counter this challenge are efficient allocation of the scarce resources, and development and use of alternative sources of water. While ‘water markets’ are seen as a means to achieve efficient allocation of the scare resources, treated wastewater and low-quality water are now considered as potential sources of water to supplement the freshwater supplies. The latter option that is use of reclaimed water as an alternative, with a successful and well planned reuse scheme can help achieve sustainability of water resources around the world. Wastewater reuse has been proven to ameliorate the pressure on the water environment and prevent water pollution. Greywater is one such type of wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing which can be recycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation, flushing and constructed wetlands.

The aim of this paper is to assess the role of greywater reuse in sustainable water management in urban regions. This paper also describes various approaches to recycle and reuse of greywater.
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By
Kaushal Kishore, Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Foamed concrete, also called cellular light weight concrete is produced by the mixing of Portland cement, sand including or alone fly ash, water and preformed stable foam. The foam is produced with the help of a foam generator by using foaming agent. The air content is typically between 40 to 80 percent of the total volume. The bubbles vary in size from around 0.1 to 1.5 mm in diameter. Foamed concrete differentiates from (a) gas or aerated concrete, where the bubbles are chemically formed through the reaction of aluminium powder with calcium hydro oxide and other alkalies released by cement hydration and (b) air entrained concrete, which has a much lower volume of entrained air is used in concrete for durability. Curing of foamed concrete unit may be done as per IS: 456-2000. Curing can be speeded up by steam.
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Mitigation of Soil Erosion with Jute Geotextile Aided by Vegetation Cover: Optimization of an Integrated Tactic for Sustainable Soil Conservation System (SSCS)
By Md Minhaz Mahmud, Nazmul Huda Chowdhury, Md Manjur Elahi, Md Hasanur Rashid, Md Kamrul Hasan
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology(KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh

Abstract
Degradation of soil considered as one of the foremost vulnerability and global threats nowadays not only for agricultural production and food security, but also for the environmental challenges related to watershed protection, disaster management, bio-diversity conservation, sustainable management of natural resources and climate change, furthermore, complication in Civil engineering. In Bangladesh where arable lands are less than necessary, certainly susceptible to severe erosion due to rainfall and flood, particularly when poor agricultural methods are used or preventive measures are not taken. Implementation of Jute Geotextiles (JGT) aided by native vegetation cover was investigated intended to design a sustainable and low cost tactic at Beel Dakatia through the entire year of 2009. Prime consequences were that erosion, moisture content and runoff are likely to be considerably impacted by rainfall intensity, soil surface slope; additionally, combined presence of JGT and vegetation cover reduced rate of erosion about 95% and runoff about 70% with respect to bare plots. Hence, play noteworthy role to conserve soil and stabilize the slope as well and mitigate susceptibility to degradation.

Keywords : Soil Protection, Jute Geotextiles (JGT), Watershed Management, Renewable Natural Resource, Disaster Management, Soil Strength.
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By
Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Visual inspection is one of the most versatile and powerful of the NDT methods, and it is typically one of the first steps in the evaluation of a concrete structure. Visual inspection can provide a wealth of information that may lead to positive identification of the cause of observed distress. However, its effectiveness depends on the knowledge and experience of the investigator. Broad knowledge in structural engineering, concrete materials, and construction methods is needed to extract the most information from visual inspection.

Before performing a detailed visual inspection, the investigator should develop and follow a definite plan to maximize the quality of the record data. Visual inspection has the obvious limitation that only visible surface can be inspected. Internal defects go unnoticed and no quantitative information is obtained about the properties of the concrete. For these reasons, a visual inspection is usually supplemented by one or more of the other NDT methods, such as by concrete test hammer, ultrasonic concrete tester and partial destructive testing by drilling cores and testing them for compressive strength.
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By
Ali Shokati Sayyad, MS Student Of Islamic Azad University Chaloos Branch Kooros
Nekoofar Asisatant Professor Of Islamic Azad University Chaloos Branch

Abstract
With increasing concern over the excessive exploitation of natural aggregates, synthetic lightweight aggregate produced from environmental waste is a viable new source of structural aggregate material. The uses of structural grade lightweight concrete reduce considerably the self-load of a structure and permit larger precast units to be handled. In this paper, the mechanical properties of a structural grade lightweight aggregate made with fly ash and clay will be presented. The findings indicated that water absorption of the green aggregate is large but the crushing strength of the resulting concrete can be high. The 28-day cube compressive strength of the resulting lightweight aggregate concrete with density of 1590 kg/m³ and respective strength of 34 MPa. Experience of utilizing the green lightweight aggregate concrete in prefabrication of concrete elements is also discussed.
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By
Kaushal Kishore, Materials Engineer, Roorkee

INTRODUCTION :
About one crore 10 lakhs all types of new vehicles are added each year to the Indian roads. The increase of about three crores discarded tyres each year pose a potential threat to the environment. Tyres are recycle yet significant number are added to existing tyre dumps or landfills. The generation of waste tyres far exceeds than now being recycle. Waste rubber tyres cause serious environment problems all over the world. This accumulated waste materials can be used in Civil Engineering Construction.

Early studies on the use of worn out tyres in asphalt mixes were very promising, not much attention has been given to the use of rubber from scrap tyres in portland cement concrete. So far no research has been done in the use of rubber crumb for RCC and RB roof slab water proofing.
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By
Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Polymer-modified Concrete (PMC) has also been called polymer-Portland cement-concrete (PPCC) and latex-modified concrete (LMC). It is defined as Portland cement and aggregate combined at the time of mixing with organic polymers that are dispersed or redispersed in water. This dispersion is called latex; the organic polymer is a substance composed of thousands of simple molecules combined into large molecules. The simple molecules are known as monomers, and the reaction that combine them is called polymerization. The polymer may be a homopolymer if it is made by the polymerization of one monomer, or a copolymer when two or more monomers are polymerized.

Of various polymer-modified mortar and concrete, latex-modified mortar and concrete have superior properties, such as high tensile and flexural strength, excellent adhesion, high waterproofness, high abrasion resistance and good chemical resistance, to ordinary cement mortar and concrete. Accordingly they are widely used in many specialized applications in which ordinary cement mortar and concrete have been employed to a lesser extent till now. In these applications, the latex-modified mortars are widely used rather than the latex-modified concrete from the viewpoint of a balance between their performance and cost.
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By Kaushal Kishore
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

The acceptance criteria of quality of concrete is laid down in IS:456-2000. The criteria is mandatory and various provisions of the code have to be complied before the quality of concrete is accepted. In all the cases, the 28-days compressive strength shall alone be the criterion for acceptance or rejection of the concrete. In order to get a relatively quicker idea of the quality of concrete, optional test for 7 days compressive strength of concrete be carried out.

6 Cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm size (the nominal size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm) shall be cast, 3 for 7-days testing and 3 for 28-days testing. A set of
3 cubes (specimen) average strength will be a sample. The individual variation of a set of 3 cubes should not be more than ± 15% of the average. If more, the test result of the sample is invalid.

Note:- For aggregates larger than 38 mm, bigger than 150 mm moulds are to be used. See IS:10086-1982
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By H. H. M. Darweesh*, A. H. Abdel-kader2** and M. G. El-Meligy3**

Contact information: *Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Dept., 2**Taif University, Chemistry dept.,2, 3**Cellulose and Paper Dept. National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

The pulp black liquor waste (PBL), a byproduct from paper-making, is applied as a cement admixture in two types of cement, namely Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland limestone cement (LPC). The results showed that the water of consistency of cement pastes premixed with PBL was gradually increased with the concentration of PBL while the setting times (initial and final) were decreased. So, it can be used as an accelerator. The compressive strength increased slightly during the early ages of hydration but sharply during the later ages, particularly with those premixed with PBL. The combined water content and bulk density displayed the same trend as the compressive strength, whilst the apparent porosity decreased at all curing times. The IR spectra of cement pastes showed that the intensities of the different peaks of cement pastes with PBL are higher than those of the pure samples. The SEM images proved that the incorporation of PBL with cement did not affect the chemical composition of OPC or LPC hydrates, but it only affected the physical state, shape, size, morphology and crystallinity of the formed hydrates. The 2 wt. % of PBL is the optimum concentration.

Keywords:
PBL, OPC, LPC, combined water, bulk density, porosity, Strength, IR, SEM.
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