Bridge Engineering

For one cable plane to be adopted, the requirement of high torsional stiffness of bridge deck is necessary to enhance proper transverse load distribution. Moreover, owing to the higher stiffness of bridge deck to cater for torsional moment, it possesses higher capacity for load spreading. As a result, this avoids significant stress variations in the stay and contributes to low fatigue loading of cables. On the other hand, the use of one cable plane enhances no obstruction of view from either sides of the bridges.

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The advantage of cable-stayed bridges lies in the fact that it can be built with any number of towers but for suspension bridges it is normally limited to two towers.

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The functions of sleepers in railway works are as follows:

(i) The primary function of a sleeper is to grip the rail to gauge and to distribute the rail loads to ballast with acceptable induced pressure.

(ii) The side functions of a sleeper include the avoidance of both longitudinal and lateral track movement.

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Integral Abutment Bridges are bridges without expansion joints in bridge deck. The superstructure is cast integrally with their superstructure. The flexibility and stiffness of supports are designed to take up thermal and braking loads.
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In some cases, it may be due to the accumulation of dust and dirt. However, for the majority of such phenomenon, it is due to fungus or algae growth on concrete bridges. After rainfall, the bridge surface absorbs water and retains it for a certain period of time.

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