Surveying

Units of measurement used in past and present surveys are

For construction work: feet, inches, fractions of inches (m, mm)
For most surveys: feet, tenths, hundredths, thousandths (m, mm)
For National Geodetic Survey (NGS) control surveys: meters, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 m
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For surveying, we need to have some prerequisite conditions. If these conditions are not met we can have a huge variation in result. Therefore we have to apply corrections to get the true result.

Ideal Conditions
1) A tape accurate to 0.00305m or 0.01 ft should be used.
2) Tension of the tape should be about 66.7N or 15 lb.
3) Temperature should be determined within 5.56°C or 10°F
4) The slope of the ground, should be within 2 percent

On ground these are nearly impossible to achieve and thus corrections need to be applied.
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We know that earth flattens in the polar direction and this curvature of earth is responsible for the departure of horizontal line from a level surface. To counter this error, orthometric corrections is applied.

This departure in feet, C_f is calculated as
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