In some codes, a minimum distance between bars is specified to allow for sufficient space to accommodate internal vibrators during compaction.
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Open stirrups are provided principally to resist shear forces in concrete beams and they are applied in locations in which the effect of torsion is insignificant.
Hot dip galvanizing protects steel/iron from corrosion by:
(i) It forms a metallic zinc and zinc-iron alloy coating on top of steel surface. This zinc coating reacts with moisture in atmosphere to from zinc salts which act as an insulating layer for steel/iron.
Stainless steel refers to alloy steels with more than 10.5% of chromium and consists of several groups like austenitic, ferritic, martensitic etc. Austenitic stainless steel is normally used in structural applications because of its high corrosion resistance. Austenitic and ferritic types of stainless steel cover about 95% of stainless steel applications. Stainless steel is not stainless although it is corrosion resistant under a wide range of conditions.
When structural steelworks are connected to the foundation, pedestals are normally designed to carry loads from metal columns through the ground surface to the footings which are located below the ground surface. With the installation of pedestals, it is the pedestals, instead of metals, which come into contact with soils.