In BS4449:1997 it species a re-bend test of steel reinforcement where
reinforcing steel is bent 45^o at 100^oC for an hour and then bent back by 23^o.

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It is not uncommon that steel reinforcement is bent prior to installation into concrete structure. However, upon bending process steel reinforcement may fracture owing to the following reasons:

(i) The ribs on steel bars serve as location of stress concentration which is a potential weak point for fracturing.
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For too much reinforcement to be incorporated in concrete structures, the reinforcement bars are sometimes groups because:

(i) It facilitates placing of fresh concrete with more space available;
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Acetylene gas is commonly used for gas welding because of its simplicity in production and transportation and its ability to achieve high temperature in combustion (e.g. around 5,000^o F).

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Currently, there are three common non-destructive testing of weld, namely radiographic inspection, ultrasonic testing and magnetic flaw detection test.

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