A physical model is a system whose operation can be used to predict the characteristics of a similar system, or prototype, usually more complex or built to a much larger scale.”A model can be either smaller or bigger than the real construction.It is believed that model is always smaller but that is not true always for example if we want to make a very small computer chip then to illustrate its function properly the model is made bigger as compared to the original chip. Continue Reading »

For fluid energy, the law of conservation of energy is represented by the Bernoulli equation(for ideal fluid only):

Z₁+p₁/w+V₁²/2g=Z₂+p₂/w+V₂²/2g

where
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Viscosity of a fluid, also called the coefficient of viscosity, absolute viscosity, or dynamic viscosity, is a measure of its resistance to flow. It is expressed as the ratio of the tangential shearing stresses between flow layers to the rate of change of velocity with depth

Facts About Viscosity are:-

1)Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.

2)The pressure effect is neglected in various engineering applications.
Water at 70°F (21.1°C) has a viscosity of 0.00002050 lb s/ft2 (0.00098 N s/m2).

3)Viscosity divided by density is called kinematic viscosity.

4)In hydraulics, viscosity is most frequently encountered in the calculation of Reynolds number to determine whether laminar, transitional, or completely turbulent flow exists.

Viscosity of a fluid, also called the coefficient of viscosity, absolute viscosity, or dynamic viscosity, is a measure of its resistance to flow. Continue Reading »