There is no direct method for the determination of Fly Ash content in the PPC. However, based on the past test results of insoluble Residue in the PPC, Fly Ash content in the supplied PPC may be obtained.

REAGETS

1. Hydrochloric acid – Sp gt 1.16 (conforming to IS : 265-1976)
2. Dilute Hydrochloric acid with distilled water 1:99 (by volume)
3. 2N Sodium Carbonate Solution.

DETERMINATION OF INSOLUBLE RESIDUE
The sample of the PPC shall be moisture free and taken as per requirements of IS : 3535-1966. The representative sample of the cement selected as above shall be thoroughly mixed before using.

Take one gram of the above PPC sample add 25 ml of cold water and while the mixture is stirred vigorously add 5 ml of hydrochloric acid, if necessary, head the solution and grind the material with flattened end of a glass rod until it is evident that the decomposition of the cement is complete. Dilute the solution to 50 ml and digest for 15 minutes at a temperature just below boiling. Filter and wash the residue thoroughly with hot water. The filter paper with the residue shall be proceeded for further test.

Digest the filter paper containing the residue in 30 ml of hot water and 30 ml of 2N sodium carbonate solution maintaining constant volume, the solution being held at just below the boiling point for 10 minutes. Filter and wash with dilute hydrochloric acid (1:99) and finally with hot water till the residue is free from chloride. Ignite the residue in a tarred crucible at 900 to 10000C, cool in a desicator and weight

From the figure the insoluble residue obtained from the above test, Fly Ash content in the supplied PPC may be obtained. Read references to conduct experiments and find conclusions.

REFERENCES

1. IS : 3535 – 1966 – Method of sampling hydraulic cements, BIS, New Delhi.
2. IS : 265-1976 – Specification for hydrochloric acid (second revision BIS, New Delhi)
3. IS : 4032 – 1985 – Method of chemical analysis of hydraulic cement (First Revision) BIS, New Delhi.
4. IS : 1489 (Part-I) : 1991- (Reaffirmed 2005) (Third Revision) Portland Pozzolana Cement – Part-I Fly Ash based BIS, New Delhi.
5. Nagele, E (1981) – Application of the flotation method to analytical problems of concrete technology Diss, Universitat Karlsruhe, FRG.
6. Hilsdorf, H.K., Nagele, E (1980) a new method for cement content determination of fresh concrete, Cem. Concr. Res. 10, 23-34.

We are thankful to Sir Kaushal Kishore for sharing this important research paper here on the website.

This method of test describes the procedures for determining concrete permeability to water by capillary absorption method for comparison between controlled specimens and the specimens containing admixtures having surface coatings. This method gives the waterproofing efficiency of admixtures and coating, thus also of the greatest interest for durability of concrete offers protection to reinforcement from corrosion.

For all test specimens materials, proportions, workability, mixing, compaction, casting, curing, temperature and testing method should be kept identical for conclusive comparison between controlled and admixture/coated specimens.

Casting of Specimens
10cm cubes of the following mix are to be cast by hand compaction filling the cubes in two layers each layer to be rammed 35 times by ramming rod 16mm dia 600mm in length one end bullet pointed. A set of 3 cubes shall be prepared with the recommended dosage of admixture. The other set of 3 cubes shall be made without any admixture (controlled cube). In case of surface coating is to be tested, then all the six cubes shall be made of the same mix.

Mix Proportions
OP Cement 43 grade = 200 Kg/m³
Sand Zone II = 850Kg/m³
20-5mm aggregate = 1115lg/m³
Water= To give slump of 40⁺_-5mm or compaction factor of about 0.90.

The above is a suggested mix of sand and aggregate having specific gravity of 2.6. Mixes may be designed as per local aggregates.
Cement:Aggregate ratio should be kept 1:9 to 1:10

Liquid admixtures usually reduce the water demand, but in very lean mixes there shall not be much reduction in mixing water.
The water of the liquid admixture should be accounted in the mixing water. A few trials of controlled concrete workability will be required for getting the exact quantity of mixing water for obtaining required workability. As far as possible this controlled concrete mixing water should not be exceeded with the admixture mix. The lean mix as recommended above will be desirable for this type of test.

Procedure of Testing
After 24 hours of casting, all the cubes shall be demoulded and cured in clean water in the same curing tank for 28 days. After 28 days of curing all the cubes shall be dried in a ventilated oven at the temperature of 100^oC to ⁺_-10^oC till constant weight. If surface coating is to be tested, then as per recommendations of the manufacturer three cubes to be surface coated at one face and upto the height of 5 cm on all the four faces. After coating and conditioning, these cubes along with the controlled cubes shall again be died in the oven at a temperature of 50^oC to ⁺_-2^oC till constant weight. Coated cubes faces should be kept upward while keeping them in oven, sot that coating should not be damaged. The coating after its application should withstand without any physical and chemical change a temperature of 50^oC, which is a temperature normally reached of concrete surfaces exposed to sun at most places of India during summer. A coating sensitive to this temperature should not be tested with this method.

All the six weighted cubes shall be placed in the same glazed or glass flat tray, so that the cubes are dipped up to a level of 1.2cm. The level of the water shall be maintained throughout the experiment by adding fresh water from time to time. Evaporation of water from exposed cubes surfaces and tray is prevented by covering the entire set up by polythene. Care should be taken that polythene should not disturb the set up. Determine the gain in weight of the cube at different intervals till the weight of cube become constant.

The permeability of each cube of a set shall be found by determining the coefficient of water absorption with the help of the formula:

A= M_w/t
Where A – Coefficient of water absorption.
M_w – Amount of water absorbed per unit area.
T – Time in second for absorption

From the test results the effectiveness of admixtures and coating may be compared with controlled specimens. This method is simple for testing waterproofing admixtures and coating without any special equipment.

This paper by Er. Kaushal Kishore was first published in NBM&CW magazine.

PORTLAND CEMENT:
Joseph Aspdin, a mason at Leeds prepared a cement in 1824 by heating a mixture of finely-divided clay and hard limestone in a furnace until CO2 had been driven off; this temperature was much lower than that necessary for clinkering. The prototype of modern cement was made in 1845 by Isaac Johnson, who burnt a mixture of clay and chalk until clinkering, so that the reaction necessary for the formation of strongly cementitious compound took place. The name ‘Portland Cement’ was given due to the resemblance of the colour and quality of the hardened cement to Portland stone- a limestone quarried in Doset.

The process of manufacturing of cement consists essentially of grinding the raw materials ( calcareous materials such as limestone or chalk and argillaceous materials such as shale or clay), mixing them intimately in certain proportion and burning in a large rotary kiln at a temperature of upto about 14500C when the material sinters and partially fuses into balls known as clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to a fine powder, with some gypsum added, and the resulting product is the commercial Portland Cement so widely used throughout the world.

MAKING CONCRETE:
Just mix cement, aggregates and water, cast this mix in a mould, open the mould next day. A uniform hard mass will be found, which is known as concrete, any body can make it. The simplecity in making concrete make this material to be look like very simple in its production, yet it as not so simple. Due to ignorance about concrete no other building materials ever mis-used as concrete in the construction. In India concrete is being used in the construction since the last 70 years. Yet 80% of the builders have no proper understanding of this materials. Go to any construction site (except big construction sites) you will find that sand and aggregates are being taken in iron tasla or cane baskets to charge the mixer without the consideration of site aggregates actual grindings, moisture content and bulking of sand. The water is poured in the mixer without any measured quantity. It could be well imagine what sort of concrete structure will be made with the concrete being produced in this crude method.

Most of the contractors, builders, masons etc. still follow 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 mixes they are not aware of Design Mixes and Concrete Admixtures. This paper described how Design Mixes can be converted into volume with 1 Bag Cement, 2 Boxes of sand and 4 Boxes of Aggregate. The site practical problem is the dispersion of water and liquid admixtures into the mixer. For this the site should fabricate a plastic circular graduated measuring container of 30 lit capacity with a tap fitted at its bottom. This container is to be fitted on top of the mixer. From this container water and liquid admixtures can conveniently poured direct into the mixer in a measured quantity.

EXAMPLE OF MIX DESIGN
1. For a construction site M-25 Grade of concrete is required to be designed as per IS: 456-2000. The mix will be taken by volume. Workability required is 50 mm slump. Normal Superplasticizer will be used in the mix. The materials will be mixed at site in a tilting drum mixer of one cement bag capacity.

2. For durability consideration, maximum free W/C ration = 0.50 minimum cement content 300 kg/m³ including Fly ash.

3. Test datas of aggregates are as given in table-1.

4. Cement will be used PPC, having 7 days average compressive strength of 37.5 N/mm2

5. Mean design target strength:
25 + 1.65 x 5 = 33.3 N/mm2 at 28 days age

Table-1 Test Data of Dehradun Aggregates:

I.S. Sieve Size	Percentage Passing
	River Sand	20 mm Crushed Aggregate
40 mm	100	100
20 mm	100	86
10 mm	95	3
4.75 mm	79	0
2.36 mm	72
1.18 mm	56
600 micron	47
300 micron	27
150 micron	6
Specific Gravity	2.65	2.65
Water absorption %	0.80	0.50
Bulk density kg/lit	1.78	1.40

Note : The sand is not falling to any grading Zone of IS : 383-1970. The aggregate grading is 20 mm single sized as per IS: 383-1970.
If 95% this sand passes on 4.75 mm sieve, then the sand will become of Zone-II as per IS : 383-1970. The following mix is worked out as per Zone-II sand. For detail calculations refer reference of No. 1.

a) For the target strength and given cement and Aggregate W/C ration found to be = 0.49

b) Water for OPC 190 kg/m³. For PCC 5/100 x 190 = 9.5 , Say 10
190 – 10 = 180 kg/m³ to give 50 mm of Slump with the given aggregates. Normal Superplasticizer at a dosages of
7 ml/kg cement will give 15% water reduction without loss of workability.

Water = 180 – 27 = 153 kg/m³
c) Cement = 153/0.49 = 312 kg/m³
d) Density of OPC concrete = 2405 kg/m³
Density for PPC Concrete = 2405 – 24 = Say 2380 kg/m³
e) Aggregates = 2380 -153 – 312 = 1915 kg/m³
f) Sand (Zone-II) = 1915 x 0.36 = 689 kg/m³
g) 20 mm aggregate = 1915 – 689 = 1226 kg/m³

Mix. No. 1 On the basis of saturated and surface dry aggregates-
Water =153 kg/m³
PCC=312 kg/m³
Sand=689 kg/m³
20 mm Aggregate=1226 ml/m³

Mix No. 2
95-79 = 16% oversized particles in the sand is to be adjusted in the above mix. The modified mix on the basis of saturated and surface dry aggregates is given below:
Water=153 kg/m³
PCC=312 kg/m³
Sand=820 kg/m³
20 mm Aggregate =1095 kg/m³
Normal Superplasticizer=2184 kg/m³

Accordingly mix ratio by weight on the basis of saturated and surface dry aggregates is given below:

Cement : Sand : 20 mm Agg.
1 : 2.63 : 3.51 W/C Ratio = 0.49

Mix ratio by volume on the basis of room dry aggregates is given below:
Cement : Sand : 20 mm Agg.
1 : 2.14 : 3.63 Free W/C Ratio = 0.49

MIX RATIO BY VOLUME FOR ONE BAG OF CEMENT
1. Cement = One bag = 50 kg = 35 lit = 35000 cc
2. Sand (room dry) = 2.14 x 35 = 74.9 lit = 74900 cc
3. 20 mm Aggregate (room dry) = 3.63 x 35 = 127.05 lit = 127050 cc
4. Free Water = 24.5 lit
5. Normal Superplasticizer = 350 ml

MEASURING BOXES TO BE MADE AT SITE
1. Cement = One bag = 50 kg
2. Sand (room dry) = 33 x 33 x 34.4 cm …… two boxes
3. 20 mm Aggregate (room dry) = 33 x 33 x 29.2 cm ….. four boxes
4. Free Water = 24.5 lit
5. Normal Superplasticizer = 350 ml

In the above example M-25 Design mix is converted to the familiar 1 bag cement : 2 boxes of sand and 4 boxes of aggregate. While making concrete at site the moisture content of site sand and aggregate must be taken into account in the mixing water and bulking of sand. In the field trial mixes are to be carried out to finalized the mix.

REFERENCES:
1. Kishore Kaushal, “Manual of Concrete Mix Design based on IS : 456-2000, Standard Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, Delhi-110 006,
2. Kishore Kaushal, “Combining Fine & Coarse Aggregates” CE & CR, Jun, 2004, pp. 46-50.

We are thankful to Sir Kaushal Kishore for sharing this utmost important research paper here on the website. This would be of great use to all the civil engineers who work in field

KAUSHAL KISHORE has written, published and presented over 150 research papers, including four books pertaining to Concrete Technology, Materials Testing, Concrete Mix Design, Quality Control, Construction Chemicals, Ready Mixed Concrete, Grouting & Gunating Work, Repair, Rehabilitation and Waterproofing of Buildings.
Contact Address
Er. KAUSHAL KISHORE,
New H. No. 571 (Old H. No. 152/7A), Solanipuram, Behind Shiv Temple
ROORKEE-247667
Uttarakahd
INDIA
E-mail Address: kkmengg @ yahoo. co .in [ remove spaces]

1. Kishore Kaushal, Dr C.B. Kukreja, “Concrete Without Coarse Aggregate”. The Structural Engineer, Calcutta, Vol. 13, 1980, pp. 5-11.
2. Kishore Kaushal, “Why Testing of Building materials”, Builders Friend, Lucknow, April, 1981.
3. Kishore Kaushal, “Compressive Strength of Continuous and Gap Graded Concrete. The Structural Engineer, Calcutta, June, 1981, pp. 7-11
4. Kishore Kaushal, “Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete”, Builders Friend, Lucknow, Feb. 1982, pp. 3-4
5. Kishore Kaushal, “Testing Hadened Concrete by Surface Hrdness” Indian Concrete Institute Bulletin, Sept. 1987, pp. 17-22.
6. Dr. S.S. Saini, Kishore Kaushal, “Non-Destructive Testing and Repaired Strength of Concrete Structures”. Proceeding of National Seminar on Modern Trends in Building materials, Design and construction, Institution of Engineers (India), Allahabad Nov. 13-15, 1987, pp. VI 2.1-VI 2.5.
7. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Cube Testing- is Performance Assured”, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, New Delhi, Jan, 1990, pp. 23-24
8. Kishore Kaushal, “Corrosion Damaged Concrete”, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, New Delhi,Jan, 1991, pp. 27-31.
9. Kishore Kaushal, “Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete”, Bulletin of Indian Concrete Institute, Jun, 1990, pp. 31-33.
10. Kishore Kaushal, “Durability and Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”. The Institution of Engineers (India). All India Seminar on Durability of Concrete and Cement Products, Nagpur, 22-23 Sept. 1990.
11. Kishore Kaushal, “28-days Strength of Concrete in 15 minutes”. Civil Engineering and Construction Review, Aug. 1992, pp. 38-41
12. Kishore Kaushal, “ Ploymer Modified Mortars for Concrete Repair” Civil Engineering and Construction Review, Nov. 1994, pp. 31-37
13. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Curing Compound”, Seminar on Concrete Admixtures. School of Building Science & Technology, Ahmedabad, December 17, 1994. Pp. 10-11.
14. Kishore Kaushal, “Segregation and Bleeding of Concrete”, Bulletin of Indian Concrete Institute No. 50, Jan-Mar. 1995, pp. 23-24
15. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Cube Testing”, Bulletin of Indian concrete Institute, No. 51, Apr-Jun. 1995.
16. Kishore Kaushal, “Slump Loss in Plasticized and Superplasticized Concrete”. Civil Engineering and Construction Review, Aug. 1996,
pp. 31-33.
17. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Cube Testing”. Civil Engineering and Construction Review, Apr. 1995, pp. 33.
18. Kishore Kaushal, “Polymer Based Tile Adhesives”. Civil Engineering and Construction Review, 1995, pp. 41-43.
19. Kishore Kaushal, “Durability of Concrete”, Indian Concrete Institute Bulletin No. 54, Jan-Mar, 1996, pp. 11-13
20. Kishore Kaushal, “Evaluation of Cracks in Concrete Structures”, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, May 1996, pp. 49-51
21. Kishore Kaushal, “Small Field Testing Laboratory”, New Building materials & Construction”, Aug. 1996, pp. 11-13
22. Kishore Kaushal, “Hot Weather Concreting”, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, May. 1997, pp. 15-19
23. Kishore Kaushal, “Waterproofing by Ferrocement”, NBM & CW,
Jun 1998, pp. 10-12
24. Kishore Kaushal, “Polymer Adhesives Application in Concrete”, NBM & CW, Dec. 98, pp. 21-26
25. Kishore Kaushal, “Strengthening of RC Beams by Exernally Bonded Plates”, NBM & CW Jan. 1999, pp. 44-53.
26. Kishore Kaushal, “Small Field Testing Laboratory”, MDC News, Jan. 2000, pp. 49-50
27. Kishore Kaushal, “Simple Testing of Admixtures & Surface Coatings for Permeability to Water”, NBM & CW Feb. 2000.
28. Kishore Kaushal, “Waterproofing of Buildings”, NBM & CW Apr. 2000, pp. 50-55
29. Kishore Kaushal, “Repair of Cracks in concrete Structures” NBM & CW, Jul, 2000, pp. 65-68.
30. Kishore Kaushal, “Terrace & Roof Top Gardens”, NBM & CW Mar. 2001, pp. 68-72
31. Kishore Kaushal, “Waterproofing of Old Heritage Building with Ferrocement & Construction Chemicals”, NBM & CW, May. 2001,
pp. 54-57.
32. Kishore Kaushal, “Waterproofing of Old Heritage Building with Ferrocement & Construction Chemicals”, CE & CR, Sept. 2001,
pp. 43-46.
33. Kishore Kaushal, “Portland Cement”, CE & CR mar. 2003
34. Kishore Kaushal, Dr. Krishan Kumar, “Waterproofing of Basements & Corrective measures”, Proceeding of Seminar on Structural Rehabilitation and Waterproofing. The Institution of Engineers (India). All India Seminar 13-14 Oct. 2003, pp. 19.1 – 19.5.
35. Kishore Kaushal, “Waterproofing of Basement”, CE&CR Dec. 2003,
pp.34-38.
36. Kishore Kaushal, “Rain Water Harvesting”, CE&CR, May. 2004,
pp 42-48
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Designers and builders of construction projects no longer can consider quality control testing an option or convenience. In the past decade, testing for the quality of materials and finished construction has become a necessity that no responsible builder can neglect.

The truth of this statement is proved not only by construction delays and cost overruns but also by catastrophic failures of major structures. Such catastrophies include dam failures, collapses and foundation breakdowns in multi-storeyed office and apartment structures; and other failures in stadia, factories, schools, auditoria, public buildings and bridges.

Each construction project determines its own individualized testing needs. A variety of factors influence the type of testing required. Among these factors are size of the structures, terrain, type of soil and subsurface conditions at the construction site and other conditions peculiar to the specific location. The expertise of the construction engineers and technical personnel working on the project will also have an influence on the testing and inspection need.

Testing facilities may range from a simple, inexpensive test kit carried in a portable chest to a fully equipped Central Testing Laboratory.

A small Field Testing Laboratory, which can perform all the required tests can be set up at any construction site with a small investment of about Rs. 71,300/-. The equipments of the Laboratory shall be as given below:

S. No.	Items	Qty	Approx. Cost (in Rs.)
1	Hydraulic Compression Testing Mechine, hand operated 100 tonnes capacity. Conform to the requirements of IS: 516-1959, IS :14858-2000 caliberated to an accuracy of ± 1% indicated load within range.	1 No.	20,000
2	Cube moulds 150×150x150 mm size conforming to IS : 516-1959, IS : 10086-1982.	12 Nos.	5,000
3	Slump apparatus conforming to IS: 7320.	1 No.	1,000
4	Test sieve set IS : 460-1972, 30 cm dia frame of size 40mm, 20mm, 12.5mm and 10 mm and 20 cm dia frame of size 4.75mm, 3.35 mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron, 90 micron and 75 micron.	One Set	5,000
5	Bulk density measure 3 and 15 litres capacity as per IS : 2386 (Part-III)- 1963.	One Each	2,000
6	Thickness and length gauge as per IS : 2386 (Part-I)- 1963.	One Each	800
7	15 cm dia aggregate crushing value apparatus as per IS : 2386 (Part-IV)- 1963.	1 No.	1,000
8	Graduated cylinder of glass 100, 250 and 1000 ml capacity.	3 Nos. each	300
9	Balances 1 kg, 5kg and 15 kg capacity.	One each	6,000
10	Electric oven, thermostatically controlled upto 2000C, chamber space about 40×40x40 cm.	1 No.	4,000
11	Concrete Test Hammer (rebound hammer) of impact energy 2.207 N.m (0.225 Kgm) as per IS : 1331 (Part-2)- 1992.	1 No.	5,000
12	Flat edge 10 cm dia glass cylinder with glass plate 2000 ml capacity.	1 No.	200
13	Miscellaneous items such as mixing trays, rice trays, karni etc.	One Set	2,000
14	Le-chatelier apparatus as per IS : 4031.	2 Nos.	500
15	Vicat apparatus as per IS : 4031	1 No.	1,000
16	Vibration machine with 6 moulds as per IS : 4031.	1 No.	10,000
17	Hot Plate	1 No.	2,000
18	Apparatus (HCl heat of solution method) for estimation of cement content of fresh concrete.	1 No.	500
19	Chemicals for water content determination of fresh concrete sodium chloride, nitric acid, nitrobenzene, ferric alum, silvernitrate, potassium thipcyanate, sodium hydroxide and HCl.	For 50 tests	3,000
20	Glass ware for testing of S.No. 19	One Set	2,000
		Total	Rs. 71,300

With the above equipments, the following testing of construction materials can be conducted:-

1. TESTING OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE:
a) Sieve analysis as per IS : 2386 (Part-I)- 1963.
b) Deleterious materials as per IS: 2386 (Part-II) – 1963.
c) Specific gravity, density, voids and absorption as per IS: 2386 (Part-III) – 1963.
d) Soundness as per IS: 2386 (Part-V) – 1963.

2. TESTING OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
a) Aggregate crushing value as per IS: 2386 (Part-IV) – 1963.
b) Elongation and flakiness index as per IS: 2386 (Part-I) – 1963.

3. TESTING OF FINE AGGREGATE:
a) Silt content as per IS: 2386 (Part-I) – 1963.
b) Material finer than 75 micron as per IS: 2386 (Part-I) – 1963.
c) Organic impurities as per IS: 2386 (Part-II) – 1963.
d) Bulking as per IS: 2386 (Part-III) – 1963.

4. TESTING OF CEMENT AS PER IS: 4031:
a) Fineness of cement by dry sieving.
b) Determination of soundness by le-chatelier method.
c) Determination of consistency and setting time.
d) Determination of compressive strength.

5. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
6. TESTING OF FRESH CONCRETE:
a) Test for workability as per IS : 1199-1959.
b) Determination of density, yield, cement factor and air content as per IS : 1199-1959.
c) Casting of cubes as per IS : 516-1959.
d) Test for cement content of fresh concrete.
e) Test for water/cement ratio and concrete 28 days compressive strength in 15 minutes of any grade of cement, so that any concrete batch discharged from the mixer found sub-standard should not be allowed for placing.

7. TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE:
a) Compressive strength as per IS : 516-1959.
b) Density.
c) Non-destructive testing of concrete structures as per IS: 13311 (Part-II)- 1992.

8. TESTING OF CONCRETE ADMIXTURES AS PER IS: 2645 AND IS: 9103.
a) Workability test.
b) Permeability test by capillary absorption method
c) Setting time
d) Compressive strength
e) Bleeding.

9. TESTING OF BRICKS:
a) Compressive strength as per IS: 3495 (Part-I) – 1976.
b) Water absorption as per IS: 3495 (Part-II) – 1976.
c) Efflorescence as per IS: 3495 (Part-III) – 1976.

10. TESTING OF TARFELT AS PER IS: 1322 – 1982.
a) Pliability test
b) Storage sticking test
c) Heat resistance test
d) Water absorption test.

11.TESTING OF GLAZED TILES AS PER IS: 777- 1970.
a) Impact strength test
b) Water absorption test

12. TESTING OF MARBLE AS PER IS: 1124-1974
a) Water absorption test
b) Specific gravity test

13. TESTING OF WOOD AS PER IS: 287-1973
a) Compressive strength
b) Moisture content
c) Density

14. TESTING OF FLUSH DOOR SHUTTER
a) Knife test as per IS: 1659-1969.
b) Glue adhesion test as per IS: 2202 (Part-I) – 1973
c) End Immersion Test.

The above laboratory can be set up at any construction site in a small covered area of about 16 sq. meter with small investment of only Rs. 71,300/- which can perform tests on almost all construction materials including quality control of fresh concrete, testing of hardened and non-destructive testing of concrete structures. However, such laboratory must have well experienced persons to run it properly. A person may be trained in 15 days time for conducting all the above mentioned tests.

REFERENCES:
1. Dr. C.B. Kukreja, Kaushal Kishore, Dr. S.K. Kaushik, V.K. Gupta, “Materials Testing Laboratory Manual”, Standard Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, Delhi-110 006
2. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Mix Design Based on IS: 456-2000” Standard Publishers Distributors, 1705-B, Nai Sarak, Delhi-110 006
3. Kishore Kaushal, “Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete”, Builders Friend, Lucknow, Feb. 1982, pp. 3-4
4. Kishore Kaushal, “Testing Hadened Concrete by Surface Hardness” Indian Concrete Institute Bulletin, Sep. 1987, pp. 17-22.
5. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Cube Testing- is Performed Assured” Civil Engineering and Construction Review, New Delhi, Jan. 1990, pp. 23-24.
6. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Cube Testing”, Bulletin of Indian Concrete Institute, No. 51, Apr-Jun. 1995.
7. Kishore Kaushal, “Concrete Cube Testing”, Civil Engineering & Construction, Apr. 1995, pp. 33.
8. Kishore Kaushal, “ Evaluation of Cracks in concrete Structures”, Civil Engineering & Construction May. 96, pp. 46-51.
9. Kishore Kaushal, “Simple Testing of Admixtures & Surface Coatings for Permeability to Water”, NBM & CW Feb. 2000.
10. Kishore Kaushal, “28-days Strength of Concrete in 15 Minutes”, Civil Engineering and Construction, Aug. 1992, pp. 38-41
11. Kishore Kaushal, “Testing Concrete For Cement Content Water Content And Ph Value”, Civil Engineering & Construction, Apr. 2008, pp. 54-59.

We at engineeringcivil.com are grateful to Sir Kaushal Kishore for submitting this very useful field test information to us.